Comparative Genome Analysis of Old World and New World TYLCV Reveals a Biasness toward Highly Variable Amino Acids in Coat Protein

Begomoviruses, belonging to the family Geminiviridae and genus Begomovirus, are DNA viruses that transmitted by whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in a circulative persistent manner. They can easily adapt new hosts environments due their wide host range global distribution. However, factors responsible for adaptability coevolutionary forces yet be explored. Among BGVs, TYLCV exhibits broadest of hosts. In this study, we have identified variable coevolving amino acid sites proteins Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) isolates from Old World (African, Indian, Japanese, Oceania) New (Central Southern America). We focused on mutations coat protein (CP), as it is highly interacts with both vectors plants. Our observations indicate some were accumulating positive selection, S149N mutation being particular interest. This associated spread Europe Asia dominant 78% isolates. On other hand, S149T restricted Saudi Arabia. further explored implications these changes through structural modeling. The results presented study suggest certain hypervariable regions genome conserved may important adapting different environments. These could contribute mutational robustness virus, allowing persist populations.